What is the role of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes?

The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play a critical role as tumor suppressor genes that are directly linked to the development of breast and ovarian cancer. Their primary function involves the maintenance of genomic stability by regulating the repair of DNA double-strand breaks through a process known as homologous recombination. This repair mechanism is essential to prevent the accumulation of mutations that could lead to tumor formation.

Mutations in these genes can impair their ability to repair DNA damage, leading to an increased risk of cancer. Individuals who inherit harmful mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at a higher risk for developing breast and ovarian cancers compared to those without such mutations. This relationship underscores the importance of these genes in cancer biology and highlights why they are classified as tumor suppressors. The connection between these genes and cancer risk has significant implications for genetic testing and risk assessment in affected individuals and their families.